|
Theme
of the week:
Economic Census -4: Employment *
-
Introduction
Economic
Census has been conducted periodically by Central Statistical Organization (CSO)
to gather information regarding various aspects of enterprises and persons
employed by them, the latest being the fifth Census conducted in 2005. The
first Census conducted in 1977 was of modest one, which gathered information
only on non-agricultural establishment with at least one hired worker, thus
leaving out agricultural enterprises (non-crop) as well as own-account
enterprises. However, from second Census onwards these lacunae were removed
and Census collected information regarding agricultural (non-crop) and
non-agricultural enterprises along with own account enterprises as well as
establishment with at least one hired worker.
Our
first three notes dealt with providing background information
on the rationale for conducting Censuses, trend growth in the
number of enterprises in all Censuses between 1980 and 2005, as also
an account of the special characteristics of different enterprises. This
note, the fourth in the series of notes prepared from the results
disseminated from the Economic Censuses, presents an account of the
different facets of employment together with the growth in employment as
between different Census periods during
the last twenty-five years i.e. from 1980 to 2005.
2. Definitions
Enterprise
An
institutional unit in its capacity as a producer of goods and services is
known as an enterprise. An enterprise is an economic transactor with
autonomy in respect of financial and investment decision-making, as well as
authority and responsibility for allocating resources for production of
goods and services. It may be engaged in one or more economic activities at
one or more locations. An enterprise may be a sole legal unit.
Establishment
The
establishment is defined as an enterprise or part of an enterprise that is
situated in a single location in which one or predominantly one kind of
economic activity is carried out. It is an economic unit under a single
legal entity.
Own-Account
Enterprises (OAE)
An
enterprises without any hired worker on a fairly regular basis is termed as
an own-account enterprise. It is normally run by members of the household
Directory
Establishment (DE)
An
establishment with hired worker employing six or more persons daily
on
a fairly regular basis is termed as directory establishment.
Non
–Directory Establishment (NDE)
An
establishment with hired worker employing less than six persons daily on a
fairly regular basis is termed as non-directory establishment.
Agricultural
Establishment
Agricultural
Establishment is defined as one engaged in livestock production,
agricultural services, hunting, trapping and game propagation, forestry and
logging, fishing (corresponding to groups 012,013,014,015,020 and 050 of NIC
2004). Establishments engaged in activities pertaining to crop production
and plantation (group 011 of NIC 2004) are excluded from the coverage of
Economic Censuses.
Non-Agricultural
Establishment
Establishments
engaged in economic activities other than those carried out by agricultural
establishments are termed as non-agricultural establishments.
Number
of Persons usually working daily
Number
of persons working daily in an establishment will include all persons
whether hired or not. Workers with age less than 15 are categorized as
children. Household members whether paid or not if engaged in any of the
activities carried out by the establishment are included. The data of
persons is a position in the last year for perennial establishment and last
working season for seasonal establishment. This also includes supervisors
and primary workers. A worker need not mean the same person is continued but
refers to a position. Part time workers are also treated as employees as
long as they are engaged on a regular basis.
Coverage
Scope and Coverage
Fifth
Economic Census covered all states and UTs. All economic activities
(agricultural and non-agricultural) except that involved in crop production
and plantation related to production and/or distribution of goods and/or
services other than for the sole purpose of own consumption was covered.
However,
as were done in earlier censuses, the following activities were kept out of
the purview of the fifth economic census.
i)
Establishments of
shelter-less and nomadic population, which keep on moving from place to
place and camp either without shelter or with makeshift shelter.
ii)
Establishments
engaged in some activities like smuggling, gambling, beggary, prostitution,
etc.
iii)
Domestic servants,
whether they work in one household or in a number of households and drivers,
etc who undertake work for others on wages.
iv)
All
wage-paid employees of casual nature.
v)
Household
members engaged in household chores.
vi)
Mazdoors
, masons, carpenters, working independently, etc.
vii)
Household members
working for other households and earning some money, which is insignificant.
viii)
Households
depending only on remittances, rent, interest, pension, etc.
ix)
Owners of tube-wells,
tractors, bullock carts, etc., who utilize their spare capacity to earn
extra money, if the spare capacity utilization is occasional and not on
regular basis.
Thus
Economic Censuses covers small, medium and large enterprises both in rural
and urban areas as well as non-crop agricultural enterprises and
non-agricultural enterprises including own-account enterprises and
establishment with at least one hired worker
3.
Limitations
NIC-1987
was used in the third and fourth Economic Censuses, whereas NIC-2004 was
used in the fifth Economic Census. Census 1980 did not cover
Assam
while the Census 1990 did not cover
Jammu and Kashmir
. Hence in this note wherever available these two states have been
excluded from the data of all Censuses though the same are presented
along with the actual published data. Moreover, EC 1980 All-India Report
published by CSO did not include the data for
Kerala, Bihar and Lakshadweep in addition to
Assam
where the Economic Census was not conducted . However, some important data
on Kerala, Bihar and
Lakshadweep
were disseminated by the CSO in
their District-wise aggregates published in June 1986 which we have
incorporated in the results here..
-
Total
Employment (Agricultural + Non-Agricultural Enterprises) –
Status
and Trends
All
Enterprises
Table
1 presents the number of
enterprises as well as size of employment along with their growth and rate
of employment, i.e., the average employment per enterprises between
different Censuses.
According
to EC 2005, there were 41.83 million enterprises in the country engaged in
different economic activities other than crop production and plantation,
employing 100.9 million persons in 2005; as against this, there were 53.7
million persons employed by 18.36 million enterprises in 1980. The compound
annual average growth rate in employment between 1980 and 2005 works out to
be 2.56 per cent. The CAGR in number of enterprises
between 1998 and 2005 has been the fastest at 5.94 per cent but the
employment during the period was only 2.78 per cent.
Nevertheless
some interesting facts have been revealed by the Economic Censuses. Firstly,
the growth rate in employment has been the fastest in rural areas as
compared to urban areas during the period 1980-2005. Thus there has been a
change in the share of employment during the period 1980 and 2005 with rural
areas gaining and the urban areas loosing ground to that extent. Secondly,
the rate of employment (workers per enterprises) was only 2.41 persons in
2005 and there was a steady decline in the rate of employment between
different Censuses during the 25-year period
(Table 1). Still the rate of employment was more or less the same in rural
areas, hovering around 2 to 2.3 persons per enterprise; as against this in
urban area, there has been a marked decline in the employees per
enterprises, with the rate of employment falling from 4 in 1980 to
3.8 in 1990, then to 3.4 in 1998
and finally to 3 in 2005.
|
Table
1 : Growth In Employment As Per Economic Censuses
|
|
|
|
|
|
As
per published data
|
Excluding
Jammu & Kashmir and
Assam
*
|
|
|
1980
|
1990
|
1998
|
2005
|
1980
|
1990
|
1998
|
2005
|
|
|
Number
of Enterprises (Agricultural+ Non-Agricultural) (Number in ' 000)
|
|
|
Rural
|
11141
|
14722
|
17707
|
25536
|
11016
|
14370
|
17193
|
24671
|
|
Urban
|
7220
|
10280
|
12641
|
16291
|
7149
|
10137
|
12347
|
15847
|
|
Total
|
18362
|
25002
|
30349
|
41827
|
18165
|
24507
|
29540
|
40518
|
|
|
Employment
In All Enterprises (Agricultural +Non-Agricultural) (Number in '
000)
|
|
Rural
|
24474
|
33296
|
39901
|
52069
|
24227
|
32176
|
38133
|
50259
|
|
Urban
|
29194
|
38780
|
43399
|
48835
|
28952
|
38210
|
42499
|
47685
|
|
Total
|
53668
|
72076
|
83300
|
100904
|
53179
|
70386
|
80632
|
97944
|
|
|
Share
of Rural and Urban Areas in Percentages
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
45.60
|
46.20
|
47.90
|
51.60
|
45.56
|
45.71
|
47.29
|
51.31
|
|
Urban
|
54.40
|
53.80
|
52.10
|
48.40
|
54.44
|
54.29
|
52.71
|
48.69
|
|
Total
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
|
|
Rate
of Employment ( Workers Per
Enterprise
)
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
2.20
|
2.26
|
2.25
|
2.04
|
2.20
|
2.24
|
2.22
|
2.04
|
|
Urban
|
4.04
|
3.77
|
3.43
|
3.00
|
4.05
|
3.77
|
3.44
|
3.01
|
|
Total
|
2.92
|
2.88
|
2.74
|
2.41
|
2.93
|
2.87
|
2.73
|
2.42
|
|
|
Compounded
Average Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in Employment in Percent
|
|
|
1980-90
|
1990-98
|
1998-05
|
1980-05
|
1980-90
|
1990-98
|
1998-05
|
1980-05
|
|
Rural
|
3.13
|
2.29
|
3.88
|
3.07
|
2.88
|
2.15
|
4.02
|
2.96
|
|
Urban
|
2.88
|
1.42
|
1.70
|
2.08
|
2.81
|
1.34
|
1.66
|
2.02
|
|
Total
|
2.99
|
1.83
|
2.78
|
2.56
|
2.84
|
1.71
|
2.82
|
2.47
|
|
|
Number
of Hired Workers (Numbers in ' 000)
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
10061
|
14324
|
16363
|
23070
|
9938
|
13630
|
15297
|
22218
|
|
Urban
|
19532
|
25880
|
26930
|
31307
|
19374
|
25493
|
26382
|
30625
|
|
Total
|
29593
|
40204
|
43293
|
54377
|
29312
|
39123
|
41679
|
52843
|
|
|
Share
of Hired Workers to Total Employment in Percent
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
41.11
|
43.02
|
41.01
|
44.31
|
41.02
|
42.36
|
40.11
|
44.21
|
|
Urban
|
66.90
|
66.74
|
62.05
|
64.11
|
66.92
|
66.72
|
62.08
|
64.22
|
|
Total
|
55.14
|
55.78
|
51.97
|
53.89
|
55.12
|
55.58
|
51.69
|
53.95
|
|
*
: Worked out after removing data for Jammu and Kashmir and Assam
from the respective years as census was not conducted in Assam and
J & K during 1980 and 1990 respectively.
Source;
CSO(2008), Economic Census 2005 ,All India Report and earlier
Census Reports
|
The
number of hired workers rose from 29.6 million to 54.3 million during the
25-year period ending 2005. However, the share of hired workers to total
employed persons witnessed a decline from 55.1 per cent in 1980 to 53.9 per
cent in 2005. Marked decline in the share of hired worker has witnessed in
1998, thereafter there was a pick up to 53.4 per cent in 2005 (Table 1).
This trend can be attributed the recessionary trend in the early 1990s and
then the pick up of the economy between 1998 and 2005. There was an addition
of 13 million numbers of persons in enterprises situated in rural areas
resulting in total rural work force to 23.1 million in 2005. The increment
in the number of hired workers in urban areas was only 11.8 million; as a
result the total number of hired workers in urban area rose from 19.5
million to 31.3 million during the period 1980-2005.
Own-Account
Enterprises
Table
2 shows the number of enterprises, employment, their growth and rate of
employment, i.e., the average employment per enterprises between different
censuses.
Persons
working in own account enterprises rose from 20.2 millions in 1980 to 35.7
million in 2005 with a CAGR of 2.32 per cent. While there was an increase of
11 million persons working in rural enterprises during the period 1980 to
2005 that in urban areas witnesses only an increase of 3.9 million
enterprises.
|
Table
2 : Growth In Employment As Per Economic Censuses
|
|
|
|
|
|
As
per published data
|
Excluding
Jammu & Kashmir and
Assam
*
|
|
|
1980
|
1990
|
1998
|
2005
|
1980
|
1990
|
1998
|
2005
|
|
|
Employment
In All Own-Account Enterprises (Agrl +Non-Agrl) (Number in ' 000)
|
|
Rural
|
13090
|
16843
|
20795
|
24726
|
12979
|
16557
|
20218
|
23966
|
|
Urban
|
7067
|
9117
|
11445
|
11006
|
7003
|
9016
|
11184
|
10730
|
|
Total
|
20157
|
25960
|
32240
|
35732
|
19982
|
25573
|
31402
|
34696
|
|
|
Share
of Rural and Urban Areas in Percentages
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
64.94
|
64.88
|
64.50
|
69.20
|
64.95
|
64.74
|
64.38
|
69.07
|
|
Urban
|
35.06
|
35.12
|
35.50
|
30.80
|
35.05
|
35.26
|
35.62
|
30.93
|
|
Total
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
|
|
Rate
of Employment ( Workers Per
Enterprise
)
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
1.51
|
1.49
|
1.53
|
1.37
|
1.52
|
1.49
|
1.52
|
1.37
|
|
Urban
|
1.49
|
1.43
|
1.47
|
1.25
|
1.49
|
1.43
|
1.47
|
1.25
|
|
Total
|
1.51
|
1.47
|
1.51
|
1.33
|
1.51
|
1.47
|
1.51
|
1.33
|
|
|
Compounded
Average Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in Percent
|
|
|
|
|
1980-90
|
1990-98
|
1998-05
|
1980-05
|
1980-90
|
1990-98
|
1998-05
|
1980-05
|
|
Rural
|
2.55
|
2.67
|
2.50
|
2.58
|
2.46
|
2.53
|
2.46
|
2.48
|
|
Urban
|
2.58
|
2.88
|
-0.56
|
1.79
|
2.56
|
2.73
|
-0.59
|
1.72
|
|
Total
|
2.56
|
2.75
|
1.48
|
2.32
|
2.50
|
2.60
|
1.44
|
2.23
|
|
*
: Worked out after removing data for Jammu and Kashmir and Assam
from the respective years as census was not conducted in Assam and J
& K during 1980 and 1990 respectively.
Source;
CSO(2008), Economic Census 2005 ,All India Report and earlier Census
Reports
|
The
growth rate in rural areas works out 3.6 per cent during the period and that
in urban areas 2.2 per cent. As a result the overall rate of employment came
down from 1.5 percent in 1980 to 1.3 in 2005. The same trend has been
witnessed both in rural and urban area enterprises (Table 2). However, the
share of persons working in own account enterprises in rural areas gone up
from 65 per cent to 69 per cent, that in urban enterprises declined from 35
per cent to 31 per cent between 1980 and 2005.
Establishment
with at least one hired worker
Persons
engaged by establishment with at least one hired worker rose from 33.5
million in 1980 to 65.2 million in 2005, a massive addition of 31.7 million
during the 25-year period, with a CAGR of 2.70 per cent. Still the rate of
employment during the period saws a decline from 6.7 to 4.4. Though the
addition was more or less evenly distributed between rural and urban
enterprises, there was a change in the share of employees among the rural
and urban areas in favour of rural enterprises (Table 3). While the share of
rural enterprise employees rose from 34 to 42 per cent that of urban
employees went down from 66 to 58 per cent during the 25-year period ending
2005.
|
Table
3 : Growth In Employment As Per Economic Censuses
|
|
|
|
|
|
As
per published data
|
Excluding
Jammu & Kashmir and
Assam
*
|
|
|
1980
|
1990
|
1998
|
2005
|
1980
|
1990
|
1998
|
2005
|
|
|
Employment
in All Establishment with Hired Workers (Agrl +Non-Agrl) (Number in
' 000)
|
|
Rural
|
11384
|
16453
|
19106
|
27343
|
11248
|
15618
|
17915
|
26294
|
|
Urban
|
22127
|
29663
|
31953
|
37829
|
21949
|
29195
|
31315
|
36954
|
|
Total
|
33511
|
46116
|
51059
|
65172
|
33197
|
44813
|
49230
|
63248
|
|
|
Share
of Rural and Urban Areas in Percentages
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
33.97
|
35.68
|
37.42
|
41.96
|
33.88
|
34.85
|
36.39
|
41.57
|
|
Urban
|
66.03
|
64.32
|
62.58
|
58.04
|
66.12
|
65.15
|
63.61
|
58.43
|
|
Total
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
|
|
Rate
of Employment ( Workers Per
Enterprise
)
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
4.56
|
4.83
|
4.65
|
3.68
|
4.58
|
4.77
|
4.55
|
3.67
|
|
Urban
|
8.90
|
7.58
|
6.57
|
5.07
|
8.91
|
7.59
|
6.58
|
5.09
|
|
Total
|
6.73
|
6.30
|
5.69
|
4.38
|
6.75
|
6.29
|
8.65
|
4.39
|
|
|
Compounded
Average Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in Percent
|
|
|
|
|
1980-90
|
1990-98
|
1998-05
|
1980-05
|
1980-90
|
1990-98
|
1998-05
|
1980-05
|
|
Rural
|
3.75
|
1.89
|
5.25
|
3.57
|
3.34
|
1.73
|
5.63
|
3.45
|
|
Urban
|
2.97
|
0.93
|
2.44
|
2.17
|
2.89
|
0.88
|
2.39
|
2.11
|
|
Total
|
3.24
|
1.28
|
3.55
|
2.70
|
3.05
|
1.18
|
3.64
|
2.61
|
|
*
: Worked out after removing data for Jammu and Kashmir and Assam
from the respective years as census was not conducted in Assam and J
& K during 1980 and 1990 respectively.
Source;
CSO(2008), Economic Census 2005 ,All India Report and earlier Census
Reports
|
Another
interesting fact is both in rural and urban areas the rate of employment
witnessed declines. While rate of rural employment came down to 3.7 in 2005
from 4.6 1980, that among urban enterprises decline to 5.1 in 2005 from 8.9
in 1980. Still, the CAGR in rural during the 25-year period works out to be
3.6 per cent, clearly 1.4 per cent more than that seen among urban
enterprise employment.
Directory
and Non-Directory Establishment
The
employment in non-directory establishment has registered an increase of 11.6
million employees during the 7 year period ending 2005. Both in rural and
urban area the employment increased 6 million each during 1998-2005. The
CAGR worked out to be 7.2 per cent during the period. But rate of employment
however came down from 2.5 in 1998
to 2.3 in 2005 (Table 4).
|
Table
4 : Growth In Employment As Per Economic Censuses
|
|
|
|
|
|
As
per published data
|
Excl.
Jammu & Kashmir and
Assam
*
|
|
|
1998
|
2005
|
1998
|
2005
|
1998
|
2005
|
1998
|
2005
|
|
|
Non-Directory
Estt.
|
Directory
Estt.
|
Non-Directory
Estt.
|
Directory
Estt.
|
|
Rural
|
7990
|
14048
|
11116
|
13295
|
7674
|
13496
|
10241
|
12798
|
|
Urban
|
10568
|
16104
|
21385
|
21725
|
10344
|
15646
|
20971
|
21308
|
|
Total
|
18558
|
30152
|
32501
|
35020
|
18018
|
29142
|
31212
|
34106
|
|
|
Share
of Rural and Urban Areas in Percentages
|
|
Rural
|
43.05
|
46.59
|
34.20
|
37.96
|
42.59
|
46.31
|
32.81
|
37.52
|
|
Urban
|
56.95
|
53.41
|
65.80
|
62.04
|
57.41
|
53.69
|
67.19
|
62.48
|
|
Total
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
|
Rate
of Employment ( Workers Per
Enterprise
)
|
|
Rural
|
2.31
|
2.13
|
17.22
|
16.15
|
2.30
|
2.12
|
17.01
|
16.24
|
|
Urban
|
2.74
|
2.54
|
21.10
|
19.43
|
2.75
|
2.54
|
21.10
|
19.48
|
|
Total
|
2.54
|
2.33
|
19.59
|
18.03
|
2.52
|
2.32
|
19.56
|
18.12
|
|
Compounded
Average Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in Percent
|
|
|
1998-05
|
|
1998-05
|
|
1998-05
|
|
1998-05
|
|
|
Rural
|
8.40
|
|
2.59
|
|
8.40
|
|
3.24
|
|
|
Urban
|
6.20
|
|
0.23
|
|
6.09
|
|
0.23
|
|
|
Total
|
7.18
|
|
1.07
|
|
7.11
|
|
1.27
|
|
|
*
: Worked out after removing data for Jammu and Kashmir and Assam
from the respective years as census was not conducted in Assam and J
& K during 1980 and 1990 respectively.
Source;
CSO(2008), Economic Census 2005 ,All India Report and earlier Census
Reports
|
Persons
engaged by Directory Establishment grew from 32.5 million in 1998 to 35.0
million in 2005, a mere 2.5 million with a growth rate of 1.1 per cent
during the 7-year period. However rate of employment came down from 19.6 to
18.
The
employment in non-directory establishment was growing much faster than that
in directory establishment as a whole as well as in both in rural and urban
areas.
Male
and Female Employments
Table
5 shows gender wise employments among own account enterprises,
establishments with at least one hired workers and all enterprises along
with child employments for the years 1990, 1998 and 2005.
In
2005, out of 100.9 million workers, 20.2 million workers were females
forming 20.0 per cent, as against this in 1990 there were 12.3 million
females employees forming 17.1 per cent of 72.0 million total employees.
CAGR of female employees works out to
be
1.8 per cent during the 15-year period. Female employment in rural
enterprises grew from 7.5 million in 1990 to 12.3 million in 2005. In urban
enterprises female participation grew from 4.8 million in 1990 to 7.2
million in 2005. Thus, CAGR of female employment in urban areas was slower
at 1.2 per cent than that of 2.6 per cent in rural areas. Female
participation in own account enterprises rose from 5.2 million in 1990 to
7.4 million in 2005 with a CAGR of 1.9 during the period. But there was not
much change in their share during the period. Establishment with hired
worker has 7.1 million females in the roaster in 1990 which rose to 12.8
million in 2005 with CAGR of 1.8 per cent. But the share of female workers
increased from 15.5 per cent in 1990 to 19.6 per cent in 2005.
In
spite of child labour ban etc., there was an increase in the child
employment especially in rural establishments. While there was a fall in
child employment especially among own-account enterprises, there was a
substantial increase in child employment among establishments with at least
one hired workers. This trend is more among rural establishment with at
least one hired worker. However, over all there is no increase in child
employment and there was 2.4 million children working in the enterprises as
per EC-2005 as against 2.3 children working as per EC-1998.
|
Table
5: Gender Wise Employment
|
|
|
|
1990
|
1998
|
2005
|
|
|
|
OAE
|
Estt.
|
All
|
OAE
|
Estt.
|
All
|
OAE
|
Estt.
|
All
|
|
|
|
Number
of Workers ( numbers in ' 000)
|
|
Total
|
Rural
|
16843
|
16453
|
33296
|
20795
|
19106
|
39901
|
24726
|
27343
|
52069
|
|
|
Urban
|
9116
|
29663
|
38780
|
11445
|
31954
|
43399
|
11006
|
37829
|
48835
|
|
|
All
|
25959
|
46116
|
72076
|
32240
|
51060
|
83300
|
35732
|
65172
|
100904
|
|
Male
|
Rural
|
12806
|
12954
|
25760
|
15097
|
14394
|
29491
|
18093
|
19485
|
37578
|
|
|
Urban
|
7978
|
26028
|
34007
|
9868
|
27233
|
37101
|
9509
|
31212
|
40721
|
|
|
All
|
20784
|
38982
|
59767
|
24965
|
41627
|
66592
|
27602
|
50698
|
78300
|
|
Female
|
Rural
|
4037
|
3499
|
7536
|
4792
|
4172
|
8964
|
6038
|
6939
|
12977
|
|
|
Urban
|
1138
|
3635
|
4773
|
1307
|
4119
|
5426
|
1365
|
5863
|
7228
|
|
|
All
|
5175
|
7134
|
12309
|
6099
|
8291
|
14390
|
7403
|
12801
|
20204
|
|
Of
which
|
Rural
|
|
3087
|
|
|
3690
|
|
|
6199
|
|
|
Hired
|
Urban
|
|
3429
|
|
|
3765
|
|
|
5454
|
|
|
|
All
|
|
6517
|
|
|
7455
|
|
|
11653
|
|
|
Children
|
Rural
|
|
|
|
906
|
540
|
1446
|
595
|
919
|
1514
|
|
|
Urban
|
|
|
|
270
|
602
|
872
|
132
|
754
|
886
|
|
|
All
|
|
|
|
1176
|
1142
|
2318
|
727
|
1673
|
2400
|
|
of
which
|
Rural
|
|
|
|
|
404
|
|
|
793
|
|
|
Hired
|
Urban
|
|
|
|
|
513
|
|
|
677
|
|
|
|
All
|
|
|
|
|
917
|
|
|
1470
|
|
|
|
|
Share
of Male, Female and Children to Respective Total in Percentage
|
|
Male
|
Rural
|
76.03
|
78.73
|
77.37
|
72.60
|
75.34
|
73.91
|
73.17
|
71.26
|
72.17
|
|
|
Urban
|
87.52
|
87.75
|
87.69
|
86.22
|
85.23
|
85.49
|
86.40
|
82.51
|
83.38
|
|
|
All
|
80.06
|
84.53
|
82.92
|
77.43
|
81.53
|
79.94
|
77.25
|
77.79
|
77.60
|
|
Female
|
Rural
|
23.97
|
21.27
|
22.63
|
23.04
|
21.84
|
22.47
|
24.42
|
25.38
|
24.92
|
|
|
Urban
|
12.48
|
12.25
|
12.31
|
11.42
|
12.89
|
12.50
|
12.40
|
15.50
|
14.80
|
|
|
All
|
19.94
|
15.47
|
17.08
|
18.92
|
16.24
|
17.27
|
20.72
|
19.64
|
20.02
|
|
Children
|
Rural
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
4.36
|
2.83
|
3.62
|
2.41
|
3.36
|
2.91
|
|
|
Urban
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
2.36
|
1.88
|
2.01
|
1.20
|
1.99
|
1.81
|
|
|
All
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
3.65
|
2.24
|
2.78
|
2.03
|
2.57
|
2.38
|
|
|
|
Compounded
Average Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) (Percentage)
|
|
|
|
1990-1998
|
1998-2005
|
1990-2005
|
|
Male
|
Rural
|
2.67
|
1.89
|
2.29
|
2.50
|
5.25
|
3.88
|
2.59
|
3.44
|
3.03
|
|
|
Urban
|
2.88
|
0.93
|
1.42
|
-0.56
|
2.44
|
1.70
|
1.26
|
1.63
|
1.55
|
|
|
All
|
2.75
|
1.28
|
1.83
|
1.48
|
3.55
|
2.78
|
2.15
|
2.33
|
2.27
|
|
Female
|
Rural
|
2.08
|
1.33
|
1.71
|
2.62
|
4.42
|
3.52
|
2.33
|
2.76
|
2.55
|
|
|
Urban
|
2.69
|
0.57
|
1.09
|
-0.53
|
1.97
|
1.34
|
1.18
|
1.22
|
1.21
|
|
|
All
|
2.32
|
0.82
|
1.36
|
1.44
|
2.86
|
2.34
|
1.91
|
1.77
|
1.82
|
|
Children
|
Rural
|
|
|
|
3.36
|
7.54
|
5.43
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
|
|
|
0.62
|
5.17
|
4.18
|
|
|
|
|
|
All
|
|
|
|
2.81
|
6.40
|
4.97
|
|
|
|
|
Source:
CSO(2008), Economic Census 2005, All
India
Report and Previous Reports
|
5.
Employment in Agricultural Enterprises
All
Agricultural Enterprises (OAE+Estt)
Agricultural
enterprises employed 10.9 million people in 2005 as against 2.8 million in
1980, a massive increase of 8.1 million people in 25-years with an CAGR of
5.52 per cent (Table 6). The growth rate was fastest between 1998 and 2005
with CAGR of 7.11 per cent during the period.
While
rural agricultural employment grew from 2.5 million people in 1980 to 10.2
million people in 2005, that in urban area increased from 0.4 million in
1980 to 0.7 million in 2005. In 2005, the share of employment in rural area
was 93.2 per cent as against 86.0 per cent in 1980. However, a marginal
decline in average worker per enterprises has been witnessed during the
period.
Hired
workers increased from 0.6 million to 2.2 million during the period with
rural enterprises employing most of the workers. In 2005, hired workers
formed about 20.0 per cent of the total workers in agricultural enterprises,
as against 19.5 per cent in 1980.A marginal increase of 2 per cent were
witnessed in the share of hired workers in urban areas and a one percent
increase in the share of hired workers engaged by rural agricultural
enterprises.
|
Table
6 : Growth In Employment As Per Economic Censuses
|
|
|
As
per published data
|
Excluding
Jammu & Kashmir and
Assam
*
|
|
|
1980
|
1990
|
1998
|
2005
|
1980
|
1990
|
1998
|
2005
|
|
|
Employment
In All Agricultural Enterprises (Number in ' 000)
|
|
Rural
|
2451
|
4233
|
6133
|
10175
|
2433
|
4207
|
6081
|
10090
|
|
Urban
|
398
|
531
|
616
|
738
|
395
|
526
|
609
|
731
|
|
Total
|
2849
|
4764
|
6749
|
10913
|
2828
|
4733
|
6690
|
10821
|
|
|
Share
of Rural and Urban Areas in Percentages
|
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
86.03
|
88.85
|
90.87
|
93.24
|
86.03
|
88.89
|
90.90
|
93.24
|
|
Urban
|
13.97
|
11.15
|
9.13
|
6.76
|
13.97
|
11.11
|
9.10
|
6.76
|
|
Total
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
|
|
Rate
of Employment ( Workers Per
Enterprise | |